Diabetes dietary treatment in dogs and cats

Dietary goals for dogs and cats with Type 1 diabetes (also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes or IDDM) are to improve regulation of blood glucose by delivering nutrients to the body during periods when exogenous insulin is active and to minimize postprandial fluctuations in blood glucose levels. Dietary management does not eliminate the need for insulin replacement therapy, but it can be used to improve glycemic control.

Dietary treatment for pets with Type 2 diabetes (also referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes or NIDDM) can be instrumental in improving glycemic control and preventing the need to institute exogenous insulin therapy. Factors that must be considered when developing an appropriate diet for a diabetic pet include the consistency and type of diet, its nutritional adequacy and nutrient composition, and the pet's caloric intake and feeding schedule.

Dogs and cats with diabetes should be fed food that contains consistent amounts and source of nutrients. Specifically, the type and quantity of nutrients that are delivered to the body should remain consistent from day-to-day, and the proportions of calories in the diet that are supplied by carbohydrate, protein, and fat should stay constant. For pets with IDDM, the provision of a consistent diet allows the insulin dosage to be adjusted to closely fit the needs of the animal. Similarly, if pets with NIDDM are being treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, the provision of a consistent diet is helpful in maintaining normal blood glucose levels.

Changes in the ingredients or nutrient composition of a diet can disrupt the tight coupling of blood glucose levels with insulin activity that is needed for proper glycemic control. Therefore, only pet foods that are prepared using a fixed formulation should be selected for diabetic pets. Manufacturers that use fixed formulations ensure that the nutrient composition and ingredients of a food remain consistent between batches. In contrast, manufacturers that use variable formulations will change ingredients depending on the availability and market prices. If information about the formulation type is not readily available, it can be obtained by contacting the manufacturer directly. Homemade diets should also be avoided with diabetic pets because of difficulties with maintaining nutrient consistency.

The type of commercial product that is fed is also of importance. Semimoist pet foods or snacks should not be fed to diabetic pets. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses have been shown to be highest when dogs are fed either canned or dry pet foods. This increase appears to be because of the high level of simple carbohydrate found in semimoist products. These nutrients require minimal digestion in the small intestine and are rapidly absorbed following a meal. In contrast, the digestible carbohydrates found in dry and canned foods are made up primarily of complex carbohydrates (starch). Starches require enzymatic digestion to simple sugars before they can be absorbed into the body. This process slows the rate of delivery of glucose to the bloodstream. Complex carbohydrates and certain types of fiber also affect the rate of food passage through the gastrointestinal tract and the absorption of other nutrients in the diet. Dry pet foods generally contain higher levels of both complex carbohydrates and plant fiber than semimoist or canned foods do.

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