Canine Renal Biopsy | Renal biopsy in dogsThe biopsy and histopathologic evaluation of renal tissue is a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool. Renal biopsy in dogs and cats should be considered if the diagnosis is in question (e.g., immune complex glomerulonephritis versus amyloidosis in dogs with proteinuria), if treatment may be altered on the basis of results (e.g., confirmation and culture of bacterial pyelonephritis), or if the prognosis may be altered on the basis of results (e.g., evidence of reversible tubular lesion in a dog or cat with acute tubular necrosis). A specific diagnosis is required in order to implement specific treatment in most animals with renal disease, and for a specific diagnosis to be obtained, frequently a biopsy must be done. In addition, the prognosis for animals with renal disease is most accurate if based on three variables: the severity of disfunction, the response to treatment, and the renal histopathologic findings.
Renal biopsy in dogs and cats should be considered only after less invasive tests have been done and the blood clotting ability has been assessed. Contraindications to renal biopsy include a solitary kidney, a coagulopathy, severe systemic hypertension, and renal lesions associated with fluid accumulation (e.g., hydronephosis, renal cysts and abscesses). In addition, renal biopsy should not be attempted by inexperienced clinicians or in animals that are not adequately restrained.
Renal biopsy specimens can be obtained percutaneously using the keyhole technique or under laparoscopic or ultrasonographic guidance. Frequently the best way to obtain a specimen is at laparatomy when both kidneys can be visualized, because postbiopsy hemorrhage can then be accurately assessed and treated, and an adequate biopsy specimen assured. The cortical region of the kidney should be biopsied to obtain an adequate number of glomeruli in the specimen and to avoid renal nerves and major vessels in the medullary region. Most animals will have microscopic hematuria for 1 to 3 days after the biopsy procedure, and overt hematuria is not uncommon. Severe hemorrhage occurs less than 3% of the time and is almost always the result of faulty technique.
Canine Renal Biopsy | Renal biopsy in dogs
Cyclophosphamide in dogs
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Mead Johnson, Evansville, Ind) is a very effective immunosuppressive agent for inducing remission in dogs and possibly cats with IMDs. This drug is an alkylator anticancer agent, which appears to suppress cell-mediated and humoral immunity, as well as mononuclear-phagocytic function. It is activated and metabolized by the microsomal fraction of the liver and is available as 25 and 50 mg tablets and injectable vials of 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg.
Cyclophosphamide has been effective in inducing or consolidating remission in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IHA) or immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT). It is also effective in dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis, dermatitis, or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is commonly administered in one dose of 200 to 300 mg/m2 intravenously in dogs with steroid-nonresponsive or severe IHA or IMT. In cats, the same dose is administered orally, because gastrointestinal adverse effects (e.g., vomiting, anorexia) appear to be more common after intravenous injections of this agent.
The oral form of cyclophosphamide can be given on a continuous basis either every other day of for 4 consecutive days followed by 3 days off, at a dose of 50 mg/m2. However, one of the common adverse effects of long term cyclophosphamide treatment in dogs is sterile hemorrhagic cystitis, which frequently develops after 8 to 10 weeks of continuous treatment. Female dogs are at an increased risk for this toxicity and should therefore undergo periodic urinalisys and physical examination while receiving the drug. The concurrent administration of prednisone appears to decrese the risk of cystitis in dogs receiving ongoing cyclophosphamide treatment. Cystitis caused by long-term cyclophosphamide treatment is extremely rare in cats.
Two other common adverse effects of cyclophosphamide include anorexia (mainly in cats) and myelosuppression (in both dogs and cats). Because of this agent's potential to cause myelosuppression, a complete blood count should be performed every 2 to 4 weeks, and the dose adjusted accordingly.
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Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Mead Johnson, Evansville, Ind) is a very effective immunosuppressive agent for inducing remission in dogs and possibly cats with IMDs. This drug is an alkylator anticancer agent, which appears to suppress cell-mediated and humoral immunity, as well as mononuclear-phagocytic function. It is activated and metabolized by the microsomal fraction of the liver and is available as 25 and 50 mg tablets and injectable vials of 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg.
Cyclophosphamide has been effective in inducing or consolidating remission in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IHA) or immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT). It is also effective in dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis, dermatitis, or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is commonly administered in one dose of 200 to 300 mg/m2 intravenously in dogs with steroid-nonresponsive or severe IHA or IMT. In cats, the same dose is administered orally, because gastrointestinal adverse effects (e.g., vomiting, anorexia) appear to be more common after intravenous injections of this agent.
The oral form of cyclophosphamide can be given on a continuous basis either every other day of for 4 consecutive days followed by 3 days off, at a dose of 50 mg/m2. However, one of the common adverse effects of long term cyclophosphamide treatment in dogs is sterile hemorrhagic cystitis, which frequently develops after 8 to 10 weeks of continuous treatment. Female dogs are at an increased risk for this toxicity and should therefore undergo periodic urinalisys and physical examination while receiving the drug. The concurrent administration of prednisone appears to decrese the risk of cystitis in dogs receiving ongoing cyclophosphamide treatment. Cystitis caused by long-term cyclophosphamide treatment is extremely rare in cats.
Two other common adverse effects of cyclophosphamide include anorexia (mainly in cats) and myelosuppression (in both dogs and cats). Because of this agent's potential to cause myelosuppression, a complete blood count should be performed every 2 to 4 weeks, and the dose adjusted accordingly.
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Cyclophosphamide in dogs - Canine Cyclophosphamide
The amount of table scraps that are added to a pet's diet should be strictly limited. Although the owner may eat a very nutritious and well-balanced diet, the nutritional requirements of dogs and cats are not the same as for humans. In addition, most owners add only the choice scraps from their meals to their pet's dinner bowl, such as fat trimmings and leftover meat, and they leave the vegetables and grains behind. The table scraps that end up in the pet's bowl may be very tasty (and much appreciated), but they usually do not provide balanced nutrition. If table scraps are fed to pets, they should never make up for more that 5% to 10% of the pet's total daily caloric intake.
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Feeding table scraps to dogs
Canine Adenoma - Carcinoma | Adenoma - Carcinoma in Dogs
Thyroid adenomas in dogs are usually small, nonfunctional masses that do not cause clinical signs and are found incidentally at necropsy. Exceptions are dog thyroid adenomas that are functional and cause hyperthyroidism or are unexpectedly identified during ultrasound examination of the ventral neck. In contrast, the more clinically common thyroid carcinomas in dogs are usually large, solid masses that cause clinical signs that can be recognized by owners and are easily palpated by clinicians.
Dog thyroid carcinomas frequently extend into the esophagus, trachea, cervical musculature, nerves, and thyroidal vessels. Distant metastasis to the lungs and retropharyngeal lymph nodes is common. Metastasis to other locations, including the liver, kidneys, heart base, bones and spinal cord, is also possible. Because of the high prevalence of malignancy, all thyroid masses discovered antemortem in the dog should be assumed to be malignant until proven otherwise.
Most dogs with thyroid tumors are euthyroid or hypothyroid; approximately 10% of dogs have functional thyroid tumors that secrete excess thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. Clinical signs of hyperthyroidism may predominate in these dogs. Hyperthyroidism may be caused by functional thyroid adenomas and carcinomas. In contrast, adenomatous hyperplasia is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in cats but has not been described in dogs.
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Thyroid adenomas in dogs are usually small, nonfunctional masses that do not cause clinical signs and are found incidentally at necropsy. Exceptions are dog thyroid adenomas that are functional and cause hyperthyroidism or are unexpectedly identified during ultrasound examination of the ventral neck. In contrast, the more clinically common thyroid carcinomas in dogs are usually large, solid masses that cause clinical signs that can be recognized by owners and are easily palpated by clinicians.
Dog thyroid carcinomas frequently extend into the esophagus, trachea, cervical musculature, nerves, and thyroidal vessels. Distant metastasis to the lungs and retropharyngeal lymph nodes is common. Metastasis to other locations, including the liver, kidneys, heart base, bones and spinal cord, is also possible. Because of the high prevalence of malignancy, all thyroid masses discovered antemortem in the dog should be assumed to be malignant until proven otherwise.
Most dogs with thyroid tumors are euthyroid or hypothyroid; approximately 10% of dogs have functional thyroid tumors that secrete excess thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. Clinical signs of hyperthyroidism may predominate in these dogs. Hyperthyroidism may be caused by functional thyroid adenomas and carcinomas. In contrast, adenomatous hyperplasia is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in cats but has not been described in dogs.
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Canine Adenoma - Carcinoma | Adenoma - Carcinoma in Dogs
Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs | Canine Urinary Tract Infection
Urine for bacterial culture may be obtained by antepubic cystocentesis, urinary bladder catheterization, or a midstream catch during voiding. However, the number of organisms isolated in a normal dog or cat varies according to the technique used. Ideally, urine should be obtained by cystocentesis, and urine specimens should be plated within 30 minutes of collection. If this is not possible, the urine sample should be refrigerated, because bacteria may double their numbers in urine every 45 minutes at room temperature, resulting in false-positive culture findings. On the other hand, false-negative urine culture results may be obtained if the urine has been frozen or refrigerated for 12 to 24 hours or more.
Animals with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or a UTI that does not respond to appropriate antibiotic treatment should undergo ultrasonography or contrast-enhanced radiography in a search for underlying anatomic disorders. Bladder tumors or polyps, uroliths, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and urachal remnants are common causes of recurrent or unresponsive UTIs. In some cases, systemic disorders such as hyperadrenocorticism, chronic renal insuffiency-failure, and diabetes mellitus may be associated with recurrent UTIs, as can long-term corticosteroid treatment.
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Urine for bacterial culture may be obtained by antepubic cystocentesis, urinary bladder catheterization, or a midstream catch during voiding. However, the number of organisms isolated in a normal dog or cat varies according to the technique used. Ideally, urine should be obtained by cystocentesis, and urine specimens should be plated within 30 minutes of collection. If this is not possible, the urine sample should be refrigerated, because bacteria may double their numbers in urine every 45 minutes at room temperature, resulting in false-positive culture findings. On the other hand, false-negative urine culture results may be obtained if the urine has been frozen or refrigerated for 12 to 24 hours or more.
Animals with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or a UTI that does not respond to appropriate antibiotic treatment should undergo ultrasonography or contrast-enhanced radiography in a search for underlying anatomic disorders. Bladder tumors or polyps, uroliths, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and urachal remnants are common causes of recurrent or unresponsive UTIs. In some cases, systemic disorders such as hyperadrenocorticism, chronic renal insuffiency-failure, and diabetes mellitus may be associated with recurrent UTIs, as can long-term corticosteroid treatment.
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Canine Urinary Tract Infection | Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs
Urethral Obstruction in Dogs | Canine Urethral Obstruction
In animals with anatomic urethral obstruction, the size and nature of the lesion can usually be determined by retrograde positive-contrast-enhanced urethrography. The prevention of renal damage secondary to urinary obstruction in dogs and cats and the relief of puppy and kitten urinary obstruction to prevent detrusor atony resulting from overdistention are the main priorities in dogs and cats with urine outflow tract obstructions. If the obstruction is created by a urethral urolith, retropulsion of the urolith in the bladder may be successful. If the urolith cannot be moved by retropulsion, a temporary or permanent perineal urethrosthomy may be necessary.
In dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia resulting in canine urethral obstruction, castration usually leads to a rapid decrease in the size of the prostate. The use of estrogens to decrease prostatic size is not recommended because of the potential for systemic adverse effects and squamous metaplasia of the prostate. Surgical drainage and marsupialization may be necessary to manage prostatic abscesses or prostatic cysts. In some cases of prostatic neoplasia, partial or complete prostatectomy may be beneficial; however, this surgery is difficult and frequently results in neurologic damage and urethral sphincter incompetence.
Canine and Feline urethral obstruction diagnostic plan:
History
Physical examination
Urethral palpation
Abdominal palpation
X-rays of the urinary tract
Urinalysis
Urine culture
Blood work
Analysis of passed bladder stones
Canine and Feline urethral obstruction treatment:
Emptying of the bladder
Fluid therapy
Flushing of the urethral calculi into the bladder
Surgery
Canine and Feline urethral obstruction dietary plan:
For dissolution, the proper calculolytic diet. To aid in prevention or recurrence, a diet that allows the body to produce the appropriate urine pH and avoids excesses of the urolith's precursors. If surgery is necessary, a diet adequate for tissue repair.
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In animals with anatomic urethral obstruction, the size and nature of the lesion can usually be determined by retrograde positive-contrast-enhanced urethrography. The prevention of renal damage secondary to urinary obstruction in dogs and cats and the relief of puppy and kitten urinary obstruction to prevent detrusor atony resulting from overdistention are the main priorities in dogs and cats with urine outflow tract obstructions. If the obstruction is created by a urethral urolith, retropulsion of the urolith in the bladder may be successful. If the urolith cannot be moved by retropulsion, a temporary or permanent perineal urethrosthomy may be necessary.
In dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia resulting in canine urethral obstruction, castration usually leads to a rapid decrease in the size of the prostate. The use of estrogens to decrease prostatic size is not recommended because of the potential for systemic adverse effects and squamous metaplasia of the prostate. Surgical drainage and marsupialization may be necessary to manage prostatic abscesses or prostatic cysts. In some cases of prostatic neoplasia, partial or complete prostatectomy may be beneficial; however, this surgery is difficult and frequently results in neurologic damage and urethral sphincter incompetence.
Canine and Feline urethral obstruction diagnostic plan:
History
Physical examination
Urethral palpation
Abdominal palpation
X-rays of the urinary tract
Urinalysis
Urine culture
Blood work
Analysis of passed bladder stones
Canine and Feline urethral obstruction treatment:
Emptying of the bladder
Fluid therapy
Flushing of the urethral calculi into the bladder
Surgery
Canine and Feline urethral obstruction dietary plan:
For dissolution, the proper calculolytic diet. To aid in prevention or recurrence, a diet that allows the body to produce the appropriate urine pH and avoids excesses of the urolith's precursors. If surgery is necessary, a diet adequate for tissue repair.
We would love to hear your pet's story. Please add a comment.
Canine Urethral Obstruction | Urethral Obstruction in Dogs
Lyme Disease in Dogs - Canine Lyme Disease
Lyme disease in dogs, or Lyme neuroborreliosis, resulting from infection of the CNS by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, has been reported occasionally in dogs. Most affected dogs have had concurrent polyarthritis, lymphadenopathy, and fever. Signs of neurologic system involvement have include aggression, other behavior changes, and seizures.
There may be an increase in anti-B. burgdorferi immunoglobulin compared with a paired serum titer, indicating intrathecal antibody production in dogs with Lyme disease. Lyme neuroborreliosis, a well-documented manifestation of Lyme disease in humans, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of disease involving the CNS in dogs from endemic regions. Early antibiotic treatment may be effective, but it is important to select an antibiotic that is thought to act against the spirochete and that is capable of reaching high concentrations.
Lyme disease in dogs, or Lyme neuroborreliosis, resulting from infection of the CNS by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, has been reported occasionally in dogs. Most affected dogs have had concurrent polyarthritis, lymphadenopathy, and fever. Signs of neurologic system involvement have include aggression, other behavior changes, and seizures.
There may be an increase in anti-B. burgdorferi immunoglobulin compared with a paired serum titer, indicating intrathecal antibody production in dogs with Lyme disease. Lyme neuroborreliosis, a well-documented manifestation of Lyme disease in humans, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of disease involving the CNS in dogs from endemic regions. Early antibiotic treatment may be effective, but it is important to select an antibiotic that is thought to act against the spirochete and that is capable of reaching high concentrations.
Canine Lyme Disease | Lyme Disease in Dogs
Small Dogs
You shouldn't base your decision of which small dog breed to pick based solely on "looks," or you could end up with a dog who doesn't behave how you expected or who does things you don't like! So here's a quick and helpful guide highlighting the main points you should consider when choosing a small dog:
Size
Generally a small dog is considered to weigh less than 22lbs or be shorter than 16 inches. Some of the small dog breeds on our site are much lighter and shorter than this and some of them are a little heavier and taller than this--but they are all small dogs nevertheless (even though a few are borderline between small and medium sized).
Some breeds, such as the Chihuahua, are the smallest of the small... weighing in at only 6 to 8 pounds and standing only 6 to 10 inches tall. While the larger of the small breeds like the Staffordshire Bull Terrier weigh 24 to 36 pounds and stand at 14 to 16 inches tall.
So, your first choice is to decide if you want a really small dog like a Chihuahua or if you don't mind a larger small dog like a Staffordshire Bull Terrier. It might not bother you either way. The really small guys are really easier to pick-up, transport, and carry around!
Trainability
Every small breed can be trained to learn commands; however, some learn those commands a lot faster than others. A fast learning breed is much easier to train and will know more commands in a shorter period of time. While a slower learning breed requires more patience and time to train.
If you want an obedient dog but don't have much patience or time to train him you will want to pick an easy to train breed. (Choose a breed with 8 stars or more for "Trainability".)
Shedding
Some small dogs shed virtually no hair. These low-shedders shed so little that you'll struggle to find one hair in your home. If you hate dog hair and don't have time for extra vacuuming, then one of these breeds is right for you (choose a breed with less than 2 stars for "Shedding").
Some other breeds shed a moderate amount of hair: you'll find some stuck to your carpet, clothes and couch. If you don't mind a little hair in your home like this, then you have a wider variety of breeds to choose from than just the low shedders (choose a breed with 7 stars, or less, for "Shedding").
Then there are the shed-like-there's-no-tomorrow breeds! These breeds shed enormous amounts of hair! If you own one, you'll find hair on everything in your home. You'll find lots of hair on your carpet, sofa, and clothes. Probably even on your kitchen table and in the fridge. It gets everywhere! But if hair doesn't bother you, then you can choose a dog with any shedding level and you have the widest selection of breeds to choose from. (The super-high shedders are the ones rated 8 to 10 stars for "Shedding". Definitely avoid these if you hate hair.)
Low Maintenance
Small dog maintenance comes down to two things: brushing and vacuuming. Some breeds are almost maintenance-free and only require an occasional brushing and don't drop virtually any hair so you don't have to vacuum.
You need to brush a long-haired dog daily so his coat doesn't become a matted and tangled mess! However, you can avoid this if you keep his coat clipped short (just clip it short every few months--it only takes about 30 minutes to do) and then you only have to brush it occasionally (problem solved!). So you aren't limited to just the short-haired breeds if you don't have time for regular brushing. You still can choose a longhaired breed; you just have to clip his coat short to make it easy to maintain.
If you don't have time to be vacuuming up hair, either, then you will want a low-shedding breed.
Children
Most all dogs--large or small--are great with children when they grow up as a puppy with them.
The fact is: any child who is excessively rough or unintentionally teases a dog is at risk of being bitten. If your dog is being poked in the eyes, having his ears pulled, and being smothered then his natural instinct is to defend himself and he will probably give a few warning nips and growls and if it continues he may bite.
So, if you have very young children and decide to bring a dog into your home it's your responsibility to supervise your children around the dog and teach them to respect him and be gentle with him. Then the chances of your child being bitten are virtually none.
Watchdog
Virtually all small dog breeds make good little watchdogs--they will all make some sort of commotion (growling or barking)--when a stranger enters their turf. But some breeds are better at this job than others. A few are highly alert and will bark unrelentingly if a stranger is on "their" property. (Choose a breed rated 8 to 10 stars for "Watchdog if you want one the top watchdog breeds.)
Allergies -- Hypoallergenic Small Dogs?
Contrary to popular belief, it's not dog hair that causes allergies (sneezing, itchy eyes, runny nose) it's dog dander (or dead skin flakes) that does. This microscopic dander floats through the air and when inhaled or when it lands in the eyes it triggers the allergic-reaction.
All dogs with skin (which is all of them) produce dander. So there is no such thing as dog, big or small, that doesn't produce it and is therefore totally safe for allergy-sufferers. However, because small dogs have less skin, they produce less dander. It is also thought that breeds who are low hair shedders also shed less dander.
So if you have allergies to dander, first consider a small dog (you're on the right web site) and secondly consider a low shedding breed, like a Poodle or Maltese, or one of the many other low shedding breeds. (Choose a breed who is rated 1 or 2 stars for "Shedding")
And, to be safe, if you do have allergies arrange to spend some time around some dogs of the breed you are interested in (maybe at a breeders home)--to make certain that they don't trigger your allergies... before you get one!
You shouldn't base your decision of which small dog breed to pick based solely on "looks," or you could end up with a dog who doesn't behave how you expected or who does things you don't like! So here's a quick and helpful guide highlighting the main points you should consider when choosing a small dog:
Size
Generally a small dog is considered to weigh less than 22lbs or be shorter than 16 inches. Some of the small dog breeds on our site are much lighter and shorter than this and some of them are a little heavier and taller than this--but they are all small dogs nevertheless (even though a few are borderline between small and medium sized).
Some breeds, such as the Chihuahua, are the smallest of the small... weighing in at only 6 to 8 pounds and standing only 6 to 10 inches tall. While the larger of the small breeds like the Staffordshire Bull Terrier weigh 24 to 36 pounds and stand at 14 to 16 inches tall.
So, your first choice is to decide if you want a really small dog like a Chihuahua or if you don't mind a larger small dog like a Staffordshire Bull Terrier. It might not bother you either way. The really small guys are really easier to pick-up, transport, and carry around!
Trainability
Every small breed can be trained to learn commands; however, some learn those commands a lot faster than others. A fast learning breed is much easier to train and will know more commands in a shorter period of time. While a slower learning breed requires more patience and time to train.
If you want an obedient dog but don't have much patience or time to train him you will want to pick an easy to train breed. (Choose a breed with 8 stars or more for "Trainability".)
Shedding
Some small dogs shed virtually no hair. These low-shedders shed so little that you'll struggle to find one hair in your home. If you hate dog hair and don't have time for extra vacuuming, then one of these breeds is right for you (choose a breed with less than 2 stars for "Shedding").
Some other breeds shed a moderate amount of hair: you'll find some stuck to your carpet, clothes and couch. If you don't mind a little hair in your home like this, then you have a wider variety of breeds to choose from than just the low shedders (choose a breed with 7 stars, or less, for "Shedding").
Then there are the shed-like-there's-no-tomorrow breeds! These breeds shed enormous amounts of hair! If you own one, you'll find hair on everything in your home. You'll find lots of hair on your carpet, sofa, and clothes. Probably even on your kitchen table and in the fridge. It gets everywhere! But if hair doesn't bother you, then you can choose a dog with any shedding level and you have the widest selection of breeds to choose from. (The super-high shedders are the ones rated 8 to 10 stars for "Shedding". Definitely avoid these if you hate hair.)
Low Maintenance
Small dog maintenance comes down to two things: brushing and vacuuming. Some breeds are almost maintenance-free and only require an occasional brushing and don't drop virtually any hair so you don't have to vacuum.
You need to brush a long-haired dog daily so his coat doesn't become a matted and tangled mess! However, you can avoid this if you keep his coat clipped short (just clip it short every few months--it only takes about 30 minutes to do) and then you only have to brush it occasionally (problem solved!). So you aren't limited to just the short-haired breeds if you don't have time for regular brushing. You still can choose a longhaired breed; you just have to clip his coat short to make it easy to maintain.
If you don't have time to be vacuuming up hair, either, then you will want a low-shedding breed.
Children
Most all dogs--large or small--are great with children when they grow up as a puppy with them.
The fact is: any child who is excessively rough or unintentionally teases a dog is at risk of being bitten. If your dog is being poked in the eyes, having his ears pulled, and being smothered then his natural instinct is to defend himself and he will probably give a few warning nips and growls and if it continues he may bite.
So, if you have very young children and decide to bring a dog into your home it's your responsibility to supervise your children around the dog and teach them to respect him and be gentle with him. Then the chances of your child being bitten are virtually none.
Watchdog
Virtually all small dog breeds make good little watchdogs--they will all make some sort of commotion (growling or barking)--when a stranger enters their turf. But some breeds are better at this job than others. A few are highly alert and will bark unrelentingly if a stranger is on "their" property. (Choose a breed rated 8 to 10 stars for "Watchdog if you want one the top watchdog breeds.)
Allergies -- Hypoallergenic Small Dogs?
Contrary to popular belief, it's not dog hair that causes allergies (sneezing, itchy eyes, runny nose) it's dog dander (or dead skin flakes) that does. This microscopic dander floats through the air and when inhaled or when it lands in the eyes it triggers the allergic-reaction.
All dogs with skin (which is all of them) produce dander. So there is no such thing as dog, big or small, that doesn't produce it and is therefore totally safe for allergy-sufferers. However, because small dogs have less skin, they produce less dander. It is also thought that breeds who are low hair shedders also shed less dander.
So if you have allergies to dander, first consider a small dog (you're on the right web site) and secondly consider a low shedding breed, like a Poodle or Maltese, or one of the many other low shedding breeds. (Choose a breed who is rated 1 or 2 stars for "Shedding")
And, to be safe, if you do have allergies arrange to spend some time around some dogs of the breed you are interested in (maybe at a breeders home)--to make certain that they don't trigger your allergies... before you get one!
Small Dog Breeds
Use this dog breed selector video series before you buy or adopt a dog.
Dog Breed Selector | Adopt a dog
Canine Fluid Therapy
Recognition and management of disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are critical to successful management of the surgical dog. Pre-existing disturbances in water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance may cause life-threatening consequences unless they are identified and managed. No time period can be isolated in management of these disturbances; an integrated approach initiated during the preoperative period and carried through the postoperative phase is necessary for greatest success. Although acute resuscitation of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance is necessary in specific dogs, continued support is needed following surgery to ensure success. To rationally plan and manage support, a working knowledge of critical issues associated with fluid therapy and acid-base regulation in dogs must be understood to ensure appropriate management.
Fluid therapy in dogs - General Principles
Body water
Water requirements vary with body weight, age, environmental factors, pregnancy, and pre-existing disease states that affect ingestion, transport, or regulation of water in dogs. Conditions that demand additional fluid support in dogs include trauma, infection, peritonitis, edema, shock and hemorrhage.
Body water is divided into two functional compartments - the extracellular and intracellular spaces. The extracellular space may be further subdivided into the intravascular and interstitial spaces. In dogs, the intracellular compartment contributes 30 to 40 percent of total body water, with the extracellular compartment contributing 20 to 30 percent. The intravascular compartment contributes approximately 5% of total body water.
Changes in extracellular sodium and chloride levels can produce altered water balance between fluid compartments. Reduction in salt concentration in the extracellular space causes redistribution of free water to to the intracellular compartments. As water shifts between compartments, the intracellular osmotic pressure falls until a new equilibrium is established. Conversely, presence of increased salt concentration in the extracellular space facilitates water redistribution from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. Lymphatic injury or water redistribution in excess of lymphatic pump capacity can also result in interstitial water accumulation in dogs.
Recognition and management of disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are critical to successful management of the surgical dog. Pre-existing disturbances in water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance may cause life-threatening consequences unless they are identified and managed. No time period can be isolated in management of these disturbances; an integrated approach initiated during the preoperative period and carried through the postoperative phase is necessary for greatest success. Although acute resuscitation of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance is necessary in specific dogs, continued support is needed following surgery to ensure success. To rationally plan and manage support, a working knowledge of critical issues associated with fluid therapy and acid-base regulation in dogs must be understood to ensure appropriate management.
Fluid therapy in dogs - General Principles
Body water
Water requirements vary with body weight, age, environmental factors, pregnancy, and pre-existing disease states that affect ingestion, transport, or regulation of water in dogs. Conditions that demand additional fluid support in dogs include trauma, infection, peritonitis, edema, shock and hemorrhage.
Body water is divided into two functional compartments - the extracellular and intracellular spaces. The extracellular space may be further subdivided into the intravascular and interstitial spaces. In dogs, the intracellular compartment contributes 30 to 40 percent of total body water, with the extracellular compartment contributing 20 to 30 percent. The intravascular compartment contributes approximately 5% of total body water.
Changes in extracellular sodium and chloride levels can produce altered water balance between fluid compartments. Reduction in salt concentration in the extracellular space causes redistribution of free water to to the intracellular compartments. As water shifts between compartments, the intracellular osmotic pressure falls until a new equilibrium is established. Conversely, presence of increased salt concentration in the extracellular space facilitates water redistribution from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. Lymphatic injury or water redistribution in excess of lymphatic pump capacity can also result in interstitial water accumulation in dogs.
Canine Fluid Therapy - Fluid Therapy in Dogs
Hypothyroidism is one of the most common canine endocrine disease and can be challenging to diagnose but is easily treated.
Causes
- Usually the result of lymphocytic thyroiditis or thyroid atrophy in dogs.
- Congenital thyroid hypoplasia (uncommon).
- Secondary hypothyroidism due to impaired pituitary secretion of thyrotropin.
Hypothyroidism in dogs - Canine Thyroid Disease Pathophysiology of hypothyroidism in dogs (most cases)
- Thyroid gland failure, with reduced secretion of thyroid hormones.
- Decreased active hormone available to enter cells.
- Gradual onset of cliical signs precipitated by insufficient thyroid hormone influence on metabolism, skin, reproductive system and neuromuscular system.
- Incresed pituitary secretion of thyrotropin in attempt to compensate.
Diagnosis
Canine hypothyroidism affects mostly middle-aged dogs and here's a list of predisposed breeds:
- Golden Retriever
- Doberman Pinscher
- Labrador Retriever
- Irish Setter
- Miniature Schnauzer
- Dachshund
- Cocker Spaniel
- Airedale Terrier
Physical Findings
- Alopecia, hyperpigmentation, dull coat without pruritis unless secondary pyoderma is present
- Bradicardia
- Neurologic abnormalities
- Weakness
Treatment Objectives
- Improve skin and coat quality
- Increase activity, decreas weight
The prognosis is good with treatment.
Causes
- Usually the result of lymphocytic thyroiditis or thyroid atrophy in dogs.
- Congenital thyroid hypoplasia (uncommon).
- Secondary hypothyroidism due to impaired pituitary secretion of thyrotropin.
Hypothyroidism in dogs - Canine Thyroid Disease Pathophysiology of hypothyroidism in dogs (most cases)
- Thyroid gland failure, with reduced secretion of thyroid hormones.
- Decreased active hormone available to enter cells.
- Gradual onset of cliical signs precipitated by insufficient thyroid hormone influence on metabolism, skin, reproductive system and neuromuscular system.
- Incresed pituitary secretion of thyrotropin in attempt to compensate.
Diagnosis
Canine hypothyroidism affects mostly middle-aged dogs and here's a list of predisposed breeds:
- Golden Retriever
- Doberman Pinscher
- Labrador Retriever
- Irish Setter
- Miniature Schnauzer
- Dachshund
- Cocker Spaniel
- Airedale Terrier
Physical Findings
- Alopecia, hyperpigmentation, dull coat without pruritis unless secondary pyoderma is present
- Bradicardia
- Neurologic abnormalities
- Weakness
Treatment Objectives
- Improve skin and coat quality
- Increase activity, decreas weight
The prognosis is good with treatment.
Hypothyroidism in dogs - Canine Thyroid Disease
Feline Leukemia Treatment - Treating Leukemia in Cats
Avoiding contact with feline leukemia virus by housing cats indoors is the best form of prevention. Potential fomites such as water bowls and litter pans should not be shared between seropositive and seronegative cats. Testing and removal of seropositive cats can result in virus-free catteries and multiple-cats househoulds.
A number of antiviral agents have been proposed for the treatment of feline leukemia virus; the reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythimidine (AZT) has been studied the most. Unfortunately, administration of AZT to presistently viremic cats does not appear to clear feline leukemia virus in most cats, and it had minimal benefits for clinically ill cats in a recent study. Immunotherapy with drugs such as a-interferon, Staphyloccocus protein A, Propionibacterium acnes, or acemannan improves clinical signs of disease in some cats.
Chemotherapy should be administered to cats with feline leukemia virus associated with neoplasia. Opportunistic agents should be managed as indicated; the upper dose range and duration od antibiotic therapy are generally required. Administration of supportive therapies such as hematinic agents, vitamin B12, folic acid, anabolic steroids, and erythropoietin generally has been successful in the management of nonregenerative anemia. Cats with autoagglutinating hemolytic anemia require immunosuppressive therapy, but this may activate virus replication. The prognosis of persistently viremic cats is guarded; the majority die within 2 to 3 years.
Avoiding contact with feline leukemia virus by housing cats indoors is the best form of prevention. Potential fomites such as water bowls and litter pans should not be shared between seropositive and seronegative cats. Testing and removal of seropositive cats can result in virus-free catteries and multiple-cats househoulds.
A number of antiviral agents have been proposed for the treatment of feline leukemia virus; the reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythimidine (AZT) has been studied the most. Unfortunately, administration of AZT to presistently viremic cats does not appear to clear feline leukemia virus in most cats, and it had minimal benefits for clinically ill cats in a recent study. Immunotherapy with drugs such as a-interferon, Staphyloccocus protein A, Propionibacterium acnes, or acemannan improves clinical signs of disease in some cats.
Chemotherapy should be administered to cats with feline leukemia virus associated with neoplasia. Opportunistic agents should be managed as indicated; the upper dose range and duration od antibiotic therapy are generally required. Administration of supportive therapies such as hematinic agents, vitamin B12, folic acid, anabolic steroids, and erythropoietin generally has been successful in the management of nonregenerative anemia. Cats with autoagglutinating hemolytic anemia require immunosuppressive therapy, but this may activate virus replication. The prognosis of persistently viremic cats is guarded; the majority die within 2 to 3 years.
Feline Leukemia Treatment
Feline Leukemia - Symptoms of Feline Leukemia
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a single-strand RNA virus in the family Retroviridae, subfamily Oncovirinae. The principal route of infection by feline leukemia virus is prolonged contact with infected cat saliva and nasal secretions; grooming or sharing of common water or food sources effectively results in infection. Because the organism does not survive in the environment, feces, or urine, fomite and aerosol transmissions are unlikely. Transplacental, lactational, and veneral transmission are less important than casual contact. Feline leukemia virus has worldwide distribution; the seroprevalence of infection varies geographically and by the population of cats tested. Infection is most common in outdoor male cats between 1 and 6 years of age.
The feline leukemia virus replicates first in the oropharynx, followed by dissemination through the body to the bone marrow. If persistent bone marrow infection occurs, infected white blood cells and platelets leave the bone marrow with ultimate infection of epithelial structures, including salivary and lacrimal glands. Approximately 30% of exposed cats become persistently viremic; self-limiting infections occur in the remaining cats. Cats with persistent feline leukemia usually die of a FeLV-related illness within 2 to 3 years. Approximately 30% of exposed cats are transiently viremic, develop neutralizing antibodies, and clear the infection within 4 to 6 weeks. Latent and sequestered infections can be activated by the administration of glucocorticoids or other immuno-suppressive drugs.
Owners generally present cats infected with feline leukemia virus for evaluation of non specific signs such as anorexia, weight loss, and depression or for evaluation of abnormalities associated with specific organ systems. Of the feline leukemia virus infected cats evaluated at necropsy, 23% had evidence of neoplasia (96% lymphoma/leukemia) and the remainder died due to numerous other nonneoplastic diseases. Clinical syndrome can result from specific effects of the virus or from opportunistic infections secondary to immunosuppression.
Bacterial or calicivirus-induced stomatitis occurs in some FeLV-infected cats due to immunosuppression. Feline leukemia virus infection can result in vomiting or diarrhea from a form of enteritis clinically resembling panleukopenia, from alimentary lymphoma, or from secondary infections due to immunosuppression. Clinical signs of rhinitis or pneumonia occur in some FeLV-infected cats from secondary infections. Dyspnea from mediastinal lymphoma occurs in some cats. These cats are generally less than 3 years of age and may have decreased cranial chest compliance on palpation, as well as muffled heart and lung sounds if pleural effusion is present.
Click for information on Feline Leukemia Treatment.
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a single-strand RNA virus in the family Retroviridae, subfamily Oncovirinae. The principal route of infection by feline leukemia virus is prolonged contact with infected cat saliva and nasal secretions; grooming or sharing of common water or food sources effectively results in infection. Because the organism does not survive in the environment, feces, or urine, fomite and aerosol transmissions are unlikely. Transplacental, lactational, and veneral transmission are less important than casual contact. Feline leukemia virus has worldwide distribution; the seroprevalence of infection varies geographically and by the population of cats tested. Infection is most common in outdoor male cats between 1 and 6 years of age.
The feline leukemia virus replicates first in the oropharynx, followed by dissemination through the body to the bone marrow. If persistent bone marrow infection occurs, infected white blood cells and platelets leave the bone marrow with ultimate infection of epithelial structures, including salivary and lacrimal glands. Approximately 30% of exposed cats become persistently viremic; self-limiting infections occur in the remaining cats. Cats with persistent feline leukemia usually die of a FeLV-related illness within 2 to 3 years. Approximately 30% of exposed cats are transiently viremic, develop neutralizing antibodies, and clear the infection within 4 to 6 weeks. Latent and sequestered infections can be activated by the administration of glucocorticoids or other immuno-suppressive drugs.
Owners generally present cats infected with feline leukemia virus for evaluation of non specific signs such as anorexia, weight loss, and depression or for evaluation of abnormalities associated with specific organ systems. Of the feline leukemia virus infected cats evaluated at necropsy, 23% had evidence of neoplasia (96% lymphoma/leukemia) and the remainder died due to numerous other nonneoplastic diseases. Clinical syndrome can result from specific effects of the virus or from opportunistic infections secondary to immunosuppression.
Bacterial or calicivirus-induced stomatitis occurs in some FeLV-infected cats due to immunosuppression. Feline leukemia virus infection can result in vomiting or diarrhea from a form of enteritis clinically resembling panleukopenia, from alimentary lymphoma, or from secondary infections due to immunosuppression. Clinical signs of rhinitis or pneumonia occur in some FeLV-infected cats from secondary infections. Dyspnea from mediastinal lymphoma occurs in some cats. These cats are generally less than 3 years of age and may have decreased cranial chest compliance on palpation, as well as muffled heart and lung sounds if pleural effusion is present.
Click for information on Feline Leukemia Treatment.
Feline Leukemia - Leukemia in Cats
Stages of Labor in Cats
Fortunately, over 99% of kitten deliveries occur without complications and/or assistance from their owners. However, when your queen is set to start labor, it is comforting to recognize the symptoms and signs of labor in cats.
24 to 48 hours before labor in cats starts, your queen might seem restless, anxious and she might me extremely affectionate. The queen will be looking for a warm, quiet and dark place. This will become her place to nest and have the litter. You have to know that this nesting behavior can occur up to 72 hours before labor starts. At this stage, just prepare her nesting environment by placing old sheets, blankets, litter, food and water in her room.
The first stage of labor, which usually lasts for about 24 hours, is characterised by restlessness, vocalisation and nesting behavior. She might be panting and purring a lot. However, some normally affectionate queens may show signs of aggression towards their owners as the time of parturition approaches. The queen will often lick her genitals a lot more than usual as well. The best sign that stage two of labor in cats is imminent, is when the queen stops eating for at least 12 hours.
Once stage two of labor in cats starts, kittens are usually produced quite quickly with relatively little abdominal straining but often with a loud scream. The birth of the first kitten takes 30-60 minutes and the interval between delivery of subsequent kittens varies from 5 to 90 minutes. Most queens will sever the umbilical cord, eat the placenta and clean the kittens without requiring any assistance.
Frequently a queen will suckle the first born while parturition continues. Occasionally, the second stage of labor in cats may be divided in two parts, with the queen resting for as long as 12-24 hours between deliveries of her kittens. This usually happens when the queen does not feel safe due to the presence of strange people or other animals.
Stage three of labor, the expulsion of the placentas, usually occurs after each kitten is delivered and the queen usually cuts the cord and consumes the placentas. Placenta contains nutrients that will help the queen producing quality milk. It is rare for placentas to be retained - the administration of oxytocin is advised in such cases. After birth, the kittens will try to suckle quickly. It is important for them to receive the first milk from birth, the colostrum, because it contains important antibodies.
Because she will be breastfeeding for about five - six weeks, the queen will need more water at the beginning to compensate for her loss of fluids. It is a good idea to leave a bowl of water permanently near the delivery room. At the end of the lactation period, usually around 5-6 weeks, the queen's milk production will decrease and she will no longer be interested to breastfeed. It is now the time for you to place a bowl of dry food specifically for the kittens. Around 8 weeks, the kittens can finally be separated from their mother and live their own lives.
Fortunately, over 99% of kitten deliveries occur without complications and/or assistance from their owners. However, when your queen is set to start labor, it is comforting to recognize the symptoms and signs of labor in cats.
24 to 48 hours before labor in cats starts, your queen might seem restless, anxious and she might me extremely affectionate. The queen will be looking for a warm, quiet and dark place. This will become her place to nest and have the litter. You have to know that this nesting behavior can occur up to 72 hours before labor starts. At this stage, just prepare her nesting environment by placing old sheets, blankets, litter, food and water in her room.
The first stage of labor, which usually lasts for about 24 hours, is characterised by restlessness, vocalisation and nesting behavior. She might be panting and purring a lot. However, some normally affectionate queens may show signs of aggression towards their owners as the time of parturition approaches. The queen will often lick her genitals a lot more than usual as well. The best sign that stage two of labor in cats is imminent, is when the queen stops eating for at least 12 hours.
Once stage two of labor in cats starts, kittens are usually produced quite quickly with relatively little abdominal straining but often with a loud scream. The birth of the first kitten takes 30-60 minutes and the interval between delivery of subsequent kittens varies from 5 to 90 minutes. Most queens will sever the umbilical cord, eat the placenta and clean the kittens without requiring any assistance.
Frequently a queen will suckle the first born while parturition continues. Occasionally, the second stage of labor in cats may be divided in two parts, with the queen resting for as long as 12-24 hours between deliveries of her kittens. This usually happens when the queen does not feel safe due to the presence of strange people or other animals.
Stage three of labor, the expulsion of the placentas, usually occurs after each kitten is delivered and the queen usually cuts the cord and consumes the placentas. Placenta contains nutrients that will help the queen producing quality milk. It is rare for placentas to be retained - the administration of oxytocin is advised in such cases. After birth, the kittens will try to suckle quickly. It is important for them to receive the first milk from birth, the colostrum, because it contains important antibodies.
Because she will be breastfeeding for about five - six weeks, the queen will need more water at the beginning to compensate for her loss of fluids. It is a good idea to leave a bowl of water permanently near the delivery room. At the end of the lactation period, usually around 5-6 weeks, the queen's milk production will decrease and she will no longer be interested to breastfeed. It is now the time for you to place a bowl of dry food specifically for the kittens. Around 8 weeks, the kittens can finally be separated from their mother and live their own lives.
Labor in Cats - Feline Labor Signs and Symptoms
Dog names - Puppy names - How to make the right choice?
It is not always an easy task to choose a nice name for your puppy. The dog name could influence its behavior in a positive way. The name of your dog is a very personal choice. Keep in mind that you will pronounce it for the next 10 to 15 years, so it is interesting to choose a dog name that will please you - and him - so he will be happy to respond.
Many people look for names that reflect their own expectations rather than the personality of their dog. Preserve dignity above all, avoid ridiculous nicknames or names that are too aggressive. Choose a name that your dog has no problem with. A name with three syllables or more may be a little too complicated. You should also avoid giving a name that evokes an order, as "Juno", which can easily be confused with "no" for instance.
Observe your dog attentively, it should give you ideas. Most dogs do not hear the sound "s" and also your dog may have a hesitant attitude triggered by a ridiculous name. To be original, you can choose a name that have its own spelling. In fact, a dog name can be broken down into many versions. When choosing a name, however, remember that you - the master - must remain the leader of the pack and command respect.
It is not always an easy task to choose a nice name for your puppy. The dog name could influence its behavior in a positive way. The name of your dog is a very personal choice. Keep in mind that you will pronounce it for the next 10 to 15 years, so it is interesting to choose a dog name that will please you - and him - so he will be happy to respond.
Many people look for names that reflect their own expectations rather than the personality of their dog. Preserve dignity above all, avoid ridiculous nicknames or names that are too aggressive. Choose a name that your dog has no problem with. A name with three syllables or more may be a little too complicated. You should also avoid giving a name that evokes an order, as "Juno", which can easily be confused with "no" for instance.
Observe your dog attentively, it should give you ideas. Most dogs do not hear the sound "s" and also your dog may have a hesitant attitude triggered by a ridiculous name. To be original, you can choose a name that have its own spelling. In fact, a dog name can be broken down into many versions. When choosing a name, however, remember that you - the master - must remain the leader of the pack and command respect.
Dog names
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